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An electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field at an angle θ to the field has minimum potential energy. The value of θ is

Asked in GSEB Board August 2020 · Torque, energy and work done

Answer: (3) 0°

Step-by-step solution

Idea: the potential energy of a dipole in a uniform field is U=-⃗p·⃗E=-pE cos θ.

U is smallest when cos θ is largest, that is cos θ=1.

That gives θ=0°: the dipole aligned with the field, with Uₘᵢₙ=-pE.

This is the position of stable equilibrium - turn the dipole slightly and the torque turns it back.

Why the other options are wrong

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